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Here Eurosceptics must have answers to other questions ready. It is surely not enough to say that our return to being a wholly sovereign nation state will somehow rebalance Europe and induce harmony. An important component of any campaign will be explaining how there will still be co-operation after Europe is redesigned and states such as Britain (others may want to follow in time) enjoy a different set-up. However disliked the EU may be in Britain, peace and fraternity in Europe are certainly not.

By attempting the abolition of the nation state, the EU's founders chose the wrong response to war and tyranny, but that does not mean that the problem the Continent was confronted with after 1945 was somehow imaginary. The arguments between nation states, over boundaries, imperial ambitions and ideology were real. They led to two world wars which resulted in the deaths of some 50 million Europeans, not to mention the break-up of Yugoslavia less than 20 years ago which cost the lives of hundreds of thousands in the Balkans.

Reviewing Hannan's book, Charles Moore wrote: "Those of us who believe that the EU is misconceived at root must recognise that, without the EU, Europe will need some new international (not supranational) institutions to order its affairs and defend the weak."

There is a paradox. This should be a golden age in which to be a Eurosceptic, with events in the eurozone substantiating the sceptical case. But having waited so long for the moment of righteous vindication, the danger is that Eurosceptics are putting too little thought into what comes next. The assumption of the ultras — that getting a referendum, then relying on the "good sense of the British people" while preparing to revel in the return of sovereignty, as the Elgar soundtrack swells in the background, will be enough — seems dangerously naive.

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Alfred
November 27th, 2012
1:11 AM
What needs to be explained is that Britain's history is different and therefore our emotional responses differ to most of Europe.Ever since Edward the Confessor , England has had a legal system which originates from the people. Britain has had over a period of nearly a thousand years increased the freedoms and economic prosperity of the mass of the people more than practically any other countries in Europe , apart from N .Italy in the 14-15C and Holland of mid 17C. In addition,England has not beeen invaded for nearly a 1000 years. Consequently,Britain has offered more opportunities for advancementfor the lower and middle classes than most of Europe. The Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions were made by the lower and middle classes, not the aristocrats.In addition, there has been more equality before the law than in most European countries. The situation where the greater the elevation in rank ,the greater the legal dispensations the aristocrats received was common Europe but largely absent in Britain. From the end of the 13c, power of the English King was limited by Parliament and therefore prevented the development of the concept of The Divine Right of Kings which was an aspect of the French and other monarchies. Britain also enjored a high level of literacy and free press for the last 300 hundred years. From the end of the 13C, much of the military power rested with the yeoman farmer and lower ranks( Franklins, Freemen),not the aristocrat.It was the yeoman farmer and lower ranks who were archers. Medieval Europe largely comprised a military aristocracy employing mercenaries ( Swiss or Genovese): the peasants were unarmed. In medieval Britain, fertile soil enabled people to be better fed than in most of Europe. The various classes of serf, freeman , Franklins( less than 40 acres), yeoman (40-120 acres) and the fact that people were paid in coins, meant that a family could move from serf to yeoman over 3 generations: a degree of social mobility which was far less common in Europe. A kight owned more than 100 acres, so some yoemans were wealthier. Anyone who lived in London for more than a year and a day became a freeman. Therefore London became a magnet for the ambitious and in addition was run according to Saxon,rather than Norman customs. The setting up of Parliament at the end of the 13C allowed a voice for knights and burghers, classes which were largely ignored by the monarchs of Europe. The setting up of Trinity House, under HVIII to train pilots provided a career path for the able working and middle classes which meant that a technically superior meritocracy defeated a technically inferior aristocracy durng the Spanish Armada. The Merchant and Royal Navies became career paths for the lower and middle classes, not available in most of Europe. The setting up of many of the public and grammar schools from the 16c onwards provided access to education to the middle classes which was only provided if one joined a monastery, seminary or was a son of an aristocrat who was privately tutored; in most of Europe. In summary, the last 1000yrs, the British have enjoyed greater freedom of expression and action; greater social mobility,more more fair and just rule of law,less fear of invasion, more meat and protein for the mass of the population ( lack of protein for much of the European peasantry resulted in stunted growth and reduced strength)prodcuing a more emtionally mature and responsible populace which required a greater degree of competence and accountability from the ruling class. I would suggest ther was greater degree of national solidarity between the lowest and most high born in Britain than in most European countries over most of the last 1000 years. So let as accept Britain has evolved differently over the last 1000 years because of events and therefore our perception of the World and our temperaments may differ. After all are we not meant to celebrate diversity and maintain different eco systems? Britain should not expect to impose our views on others but als not accept having others impose their views on her.

Stuart Bramwell
September 24th, 2012
3:09 PM
How can a magazine that, rightly, attacks moral relativism then go on to promote such rubbish as the sentence below whilst keeping a straight face: "[...] the European legacy [...] includes the Spanish Inquisition, Communism, Fascism and Nazism. To this formidable list of fanaticism and failure must surely now be added the euro — a lunatic project to impose the political integration of modern Europe through the creation of a single currency." This is not the first instance of intellectual rot. There have been facile attacks on evidence-based thinking about human nature (unless it doesn't contradict Judeo-Christian dogma), and lame justifications for those who wish to deny homosexuals the right to marry. And now comparisons between the, undoubtedly flawed, euro project and the worst events in human history. My support for this magazine in the past has clearly been unwarranted.

celtthedog
September 1st, 2012
8:09 PM
Good article. Only one quibble: I don't believe Tony Blair was a eurofederalist. A eurofederalist would have moved heaven and earth to get Britain into the euro -- and Blair, in 1997, was in a position ot at least attempt it. Also, a eurofederalist would never have gone into Iraq with George W. Bush -- he would have aligned with France and Germany. I think Blair actually represented British "soft" europhilia -- that the EU was a good thing and that we ought to play along and try get the Europeans to accept a more "British" (i.e. less federalist) approach. Such an apporach was, of course, doomed, but the fact he muddled so often over Europe simply does not point to his being a supporter of eurofederalism.

Dwight
August 30th, 2012
10:08 PM
"Nick Clegg ... such a Eurofanatic that he makes Tony Blair look like Daniel Hannan." LOL!

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