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For a while these design flaws didn't seem to matter, as the Mediterranean states surfed a tide of cheap money that flowed from being able to borrow at interest rates which were low thanks to the highly successful Germans. The poor economies would, by some process akin to alchemy, supposedly become richer. Greece would become Germany. But this was madness, for which millions are now paying with their jobs.

There was an alternative, sensible path open to European leaders. Rather than creating a bureaucratic superstructure to bully and undermine the nation state, Europe could have remained a continent of independent nations with their own currencies, trading and co-operating to mutual benefit. But that would have been incompatible with the mania gripping those pursuing the vision of the founding fathers of the European project after the Second World War.

In his excellent little book, A Doomed Marriage: Britain and Europe (Notting Hill Editions, £12), Daniel Hannan — the best-known Conservative MEP and a leading Eurosceptic voice — observes that the original architects of integration tended to come from the Carolingian heartland. They believed that a return to Charlemagne's Holy Roman Empire, which covered much of Western Europe, was the only way to prevent more conflict between nation states such as France and Germany. Charles de Gaulle, France's wartime hero and postwar president, later described the process of European integration as "a revival of the whole concept of Charlemagne".

As Hannan shows, the euro was always primarily a political rather than an economic enterprise, designed to fulfill the original aims of the neo-Carolingian grand project. Whether through convergence or crisis the existence of the single currency would, after a suitable interlude, force its members to accept one finance ministry and, in time, one government.

Even now, after all that has happened since the start of the euro-crisis, the federalists are more wedded than ever to their bad idea: that it is Europe's destiny to become one political entity which supersedes the nation state, whether or not it causes distress in the shape of Depression-era mass unemployment.

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Alfred
November 27th, 2012
1:11 AM
What needs to be explained is that Britain's history is different and therefore our emotional responses differ to most of Europe.Ever since Edward the Confessor , England has had a legal system which originates from the people. Britain has had over a period of nearly a thousand years increased the freedoms and economic prosperity of the mass of the people more than practically any other countries in Europe , apart from N .Italy in the 14-15C and Holland of mid 17C. In addition,England has not beeen invaded for nearly a 1000 years. Consequently,Britain has offered more opportunities for advancementfor the lower and middle classes than most of Europe. The Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions were made by the lower and middle classes, not the aristocrats.In addition, there has been more equality before the law than in most European countries. The situation where the greater the elevation in rank ,the greater the legal dispensations the aristocrats received was common Europe but largely absent in Britain. From the end of the 13c, power of the English King was limited by Parliament and therefore prevented the development of the concept of The Divine Right of Kings which was an aspect of the French and other monarchies. Britain also enjored a high level of literacy and free press for the last 300 hundred years. From the end of the 13C, much of the military power rested with the yeoman farmer and lower ranks( Franklins, Freemen),not the aristocrat.It was the yeoman farmer and lower ranks who were archers. Medieval Europe largely comprised a military aristocracy employing mercenaries ( Swiss or Genovese): the peasants were unarmed. In medieval Britain, fertile soil enabled people to be better fed than in most of Europe. The various classes of serf, freeman , Franklins( less than 40 acres), yeoman (40-120 acres) and the fact that people were paid in coins, meant that a family could move from serf to yeoman over 3 generations: a degree of social mobility which was far less common in Europe. A kight owned more than 100 acres, so some yoemans were wealthier. Anyone who lived in London for more than a year and a day became a freeman. Therefore London became a magnet for the ambitious and in addition was run according to Saxon,rather than Norman customs. The setting up of Parliament at the end of the 13C allowed a voice for knights and burghers, classes which were largely ignored by the monarchs of Europe. The setting up of Trinity House, under HVIII to train pilots provided a career path for the able working and middle classes which meant that a technically superior meritocracy defeated a technically inferior aristocracy durng the Spanish Armada. The Merchant and Royal Navies became career paths for the lower and middle classes, not available in most of Europe. The setting up of many of the public and grammar schools from the 16c onwards provided access to education to the middle classes which was only provided if one joined a monastery, seminary or was a son of an aristocrat who was privately tutored; in most of Europe. In summary, the last 1000yrs, the British have enjoyed greater freedom of expression and action; greater social mobility,more more fair and just rule of law,less fear of invasion, more meat and protein for the mass of the population ( lack of protein for much of the European peasantry resulted in stunted growth and reduced strength)prodcuing a more emtionally mature and responsible populace which required a greater degree of competence and accountability from the ruling class. I would suggest ther was greater degree of national solidarity between the lowest and most high born in Britain than in most European countries over most of the last 1000 years. So let as accept Britain has evolved differently over the last 1000 years because of events and therefore our perception of the World and our temperaments may differ. After all are we not meant to celebrate diversity and maintain different eco systems? Britain should not expect to impose our views on others but als not accept having others impose their views on her.

Stuart Bramwell
September 24th, 2012
3:09 PM
How can a magazine that, rightly, attacks moral relativism then go on to promote such rubbish as the sentence below whilst keeping a straight face: "[...] the European legacy [...] includes the Spanish Inquisition, Communism, Fascism and Nazism. To this formidable list of fanaticism and failure must surely now be added the euro — a lunatic project to impose the political integration of modern Europe through the creation of a single currency." This is not the first instance of intellectual rot. There have been facile attacks on evidence-based thinking about human nature (unless it doesn't contradict Judeo-Christian dogma), and lame justifications for those who wish to deny homosexuals the right to marry. And now comparisons between the, undoubtedly flawed, euro project and the worst events in human history. My support for this magazine in the past has clearly been unwarranted.

celtthedog
September 1st, 2012
8:09 PM
Good article. Only one quibble: I don't believe Tony Blair was a eurofederalist. A eurofederalist would have moved heaven and earth to get Britain into the euro -- and Blair, in 1997, was in a position ot at least attempt it. Also, a eurofederalist would never have gone into Iraq with George W. Bush -- he would have aligned with France and Germany. I think Blair actually represented British "soft" europhilia -- that the EU was a good thing and that we ought to play along and try get the Europeans to accept a more "British" (i.e. less federalist) approach. Such an apporach was, of course, doomed, but the fact he muddled so often over Europe simply does not point to his being a supporter of eurofederalism.

Dwight
August 30th, 2012
10:08 PM
"Nick Clegg ... such a Eurofanatic that he makes Tony Blair look like Daniel Hannan." LOL!

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