Martine and Louise Fokken, 70-year-old identical twins who worked in the red-light area for almost 50 years, give me a tour. They tell me that the influx of loverboys and young foreign women has "ruined" the trade for Dutch women. "Legalisation has never worked. It is better for the pimps and the foreigners," says Martine. "The vultures came in 2000 — organised criminals. They thought, ‘Aha, it's legalised, now we're OK.'"
The sisters appear to have a rose-tinted view of a region that has always had problems with the sex trade. In the mid-19th century the Netherlands was a hotbed of prostitution, with sailors being the most prolific buyers and impoverished Dutch women the streetwalkers.
The women were forced to register as prostitutes and submit to weekly medical exams for syphilis. When certified as "clean", they received cards that effectively licensed them to practise and without which they could be imprisoned. In Britain Josephine Butler condemned this system of enforced medical exams, inspiring a coalition of feminists, socialists and Protestants to abolish them in Britain and to campaign in Europe against the regulation and acceptance of prostitution because it was degrading to women.
Amsterdam's brothels were closed by 1897, and in 1911 the abolitionists won the day throughout the country: the government outlawed brothels and criminalised pimping and profiting from prostitution.
But gradually the brothels returned; though still illegal, they were tolerated. In the 1930s, Amsterdam saw its first window brothels. In the 1950s the red-light district became a tourist attraction. Prostitution, sex clubs, pornography shops and drugs were openly tolerated. The 1980s saw an influx of foreign women trafficked into Dutch prostitution, a trend that continues today.
Pressure slowly grew for prostitution to be legalised. In 1985 the Rode Draad (Red Thread), the sex industry workers' union based in Amsterdam, declared that sex workers' rights could only be achieved if pimps and brothels were decriminalised. (Only 100 of Holland's 25,000 prostitutes are union members, most of them "erotic dancers".) The Mr. A. de Graaf Foundation, originally a Christian research institute that promoted the view of prostitution as harmful, changed its focus during the government's consideration of the new law, and began to lobby in favour of legalisation. It was the recipient of generous state subsidies during this period. The legalisation was passed in 2000.
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